The name Rosmarinus is derived from the Latin words ros, meaning “dew,” and marinus, meaning “of the sea,” giving rise to the interpretation “dew of the sea.” However, this explanation is widely regarded as a folk etymology, with the more likely origin being the Greek words rhops, meaning “shrub,” and myron, meaning “balm.” The Greek name “δεντρολίβανο” (dendrolívano) combines the words for “tree” and “frankincense,” referring to the plant’s distinctive fragrance, which resembles incense.

Upright rosemary is an evergreen perennial shrub belonging to the family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and occurs in countries such as Greece, Spain, southern France and Italy. In Greece, it is found both growing wild and cultivated in gardens, parks and agricultural areas because of its aromatic, medicinal and ornamental value.

The plant has an upright growth habit and forms dense shrubs ranging from 1 to 2 meters in height. It is highly branched, with woody stems at the base. The leaves are linear, sessile, opposite and leathery, dark green on the upper surface and lighter underneath. They remain on the plant throughout the year and release a strong aroma when crushed.

The flowers appear mainly from spring to early summer, although a second flowering period may occur in autumn under favorable conditions. They are blue, lilac or white and are borne in clusters in the leaf axils. Its abundant flowering attracts bees and other pollinating insects, making it a particularly valuable melliferous plant.

Upright rosemary is highly tolerant of drought and high temperatures. It grows best in sunny locations and in well-drained soil, even when it is poor or rocky. Moderate irrigation promotes growth and flowering, while excessive moisture may cause problems in the root system. The plant can tolerate temperatures down to approximately −10°C without serious damage to its vegetative parts.

Propagation is carried out by seed or cuttings, with the latter method preferred in commercial cultivation because it produces plants identical to the mother plant. Rosemary is generally highly resistant to pests and diseases, although powdery mildew may occur under conditions of high humidity.

Harvesting is usually carried out from spring to early autumn and may take place two or three times per year. The young shoots and leaves are mainly collected and used either fresh or dried. The plant is used to produce fresh or dried herbal substance and essential oil, with the highest essential oil content occurring during full flowering.

Upright rosemary is an aromatic, medicinal and melliferous plant. Its leaves are widely used in cooking as a seasoning for meat dishes, fish, potatoes and sauces. Its essential oil is used in the pharmaceutical industry, perfumery and the manufacturing of cosmetic products. In addition, it is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in hedges, flower beds, rock gardens and Mediterranean-style gardens because of its dense growth and exceptional hardiness.